Determiners (Determinantes)
Demonstratives
(Demonstrativos)
Demonstratives can function as adjectives or nouns. The neutral pronoun
can only have a nuclear function; it always is singular and hasn't plural
form:
| |
Singular
|
Plural
|
|
m
|
f
|
n
|
m
|
f
|
| First person |
este this
|
esta
|
esto
isto
|
estes these
|
estas
|
| Second person |
ese that
|
esa
|
eso
iso
|
eses those
|
esas
|
| Third person |
aquel that
|
aquela
|
aquelo
aquilo
|
aqueles those
|
aquelas
|
Demonstratives are contracted with the prepositions de
and en:
-
deste / dese / daquel of + this, of + that;
-
neste / nese / naquel in + this, in + that.
Examples:
-
Niso non estamos de acordo.
About that we do not agree.
-
Marchou desa casa para nunca volver.
He left that house for good.
-
Dáme eses e queda ti con estes.
Give me those and you keep these.
Possessives
(Posesivos)
Possessives agree in number and gender with the noun they determine,
which expresses the thing that is possessed:
-
o meu coche (the + my + car) my car;
-
os meus coches (the
+ my + cars) my cars;
-
a miña casa (the
+ my + house) my house;
-
as miñas casas
(the
+ my + houses) my houses.
Possessives also agree in person and number with the noun expressing the
possessor:
-
o meu coche (possessor 1st person singular: the
+ my +car) my car;
-
o teu coche (possessor
2nd person singular: the + your + car) your car;
-
o noso coche (possessor
1st person plural: the + our + car) our car;
-
o voso coche (possessor
2nd person plural: the + your + car) your car.
|
|
Single owner
|
Many owners
|
|
m
|
f
|
m
|
f
|
| First person |
meu my, mine
|
miña
|
noso our, ours
|
nosa
|
| Second person |
teu your, yours
|
túa
|
voso your, yours
|
vosa
|
| Third person |
seu his / his
|
súa her / hers
|
seus their, theirs
|
súas
|
Possessives must be preceded by a determiner:
-
o meu can (the + my + dog) my dog;
-
este meu can (this
+ my + dog) this dog of mine;
-
un meu can (a + my
+ dog) a dog of mine;
-
o can meu (the +
dog + mine) my dog;
-
este can meu (this
+ dog + mine) this dog of mine;
-
un can meu (a + dog
+ mine) a dog of mine.
There is a possessive with distributive value: cadanseu / cadanseus
/ cadansúa /
cadansúas each
his.
Examples:
-
Os nenos ían con cadanseu paraugas [= Os nenos ían cada un
co seu paraugas].
The children had each his own umbrella.
-
Fumade cadanseu cigarro e nada máis [= Fumade cada un o voso cigarro].
Smoke each of you your own cigarette.
The locutions de meu, de teu, de seu, de noso,
de
voso, de seu are used to express exclusive possession. They
are invariable as regards gender and number, but they agree in person and
number with the possessor:
-
Dende hai cinco anos xa vivimos nunha casa de noso.
We have lived in a house of ours (in a house
of our own) for five years.
Indefinites
(Indefinidos)
Some indefinites have central functions, others function as determiners
and others can have both functions. Depending on the meaning of the indefinites,
there are two groups: quantifiers (they express quantity)
and identifiers (they identify an element).
Quantifiers:
|
Identifiers:
|
-
máis more;
-
menos less;
-
nada nothing;
-
pouco a little;
-
todo all.
|
-
algún some;
-
outro another;
-
calquera any;
-
tal such.
|
Examples:
|
Examples:
|
-
Dáme máis.
Give me more.
-
¿Queres unha pouca auga?
Do you want some water?
-
Comeu toda a comida.
He ate all the food.
|
-
Algún dos presentes sabe quen fixo o crime.
Someone here knows who committed the crime.
-
Non foi ese, foi outro que non digo.
It was not that one, it was another I will not
mention.
|
Interrogatives,
exclamatives and relatives
The pronouns that are used as interrogatives, exclamatives and relatives
are:
-
que what, that;
-
quen who, whom, that (only for persons);
-
cal which, that.
The forms
-
canto how much / how many;
-
cando when;
-
onde where;
-
como how
can be used as interrogatives and relatives:
-
¿Quen sabe onde está?
Who knows where it is?
-
¿Cando vas?
When are you going?
-
¿Cantas queres?
How many do you want?
-
¿De que falas?
What are you talking about?
-
¿Como se fai iso?
How is that made?
|
-
¡Que caro!
How expensive!
-
¡Canto falas!
How much you talk!
-
A muller que me gusta é esa
The woman I like is that one
-
O rapaz con quen falo non veu
The boy I talk to did not come
-
A casa á cal lle plantaron lume quedou derruída
The house they set on fire was ruined.
|
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