Conjunctions
and Linking Phrases
(Conjonctions
et Phrases Conjonctives)
Coordinating
Conjunctions
A coordinating conjunction 'coordinates'
two equivalent elements in a sentence, that is, words belonging to the
same grammatical category (nouns + nouns, verbs + verbs, independent clause
+ independent clause, etc.). The most commonly used coordinating conjunctions
in French are:
mais |
but |
ou |
or |
et |
and |
donc |
so,
thus |
or |
so,
now |
ni ... ni |
neither
... nor |
car |
for |
puis |
then |
With the exception of or, all of
these conjunctions can be used to link adjectives, nouns
or verbs within a sentence.
-
Édouard n'aime ni le barbecue
ni
les hamburgers.
Edouard likes
neither
barbecue nor hamburgers.
-
Philippe fume des cigarettes et boit
du vin rouge.
Philippe smokes
cigarettes and drinks red wine.
-
Jean, puis son frère, ont essayé
de comprendre les goûts de Marie.
Jean, then his brother,
tried to understand Marie's tastes.
-
Ils trouvent que le rap est une musique intéressante
mais
fatigante.
They think that
rap is interesting but / yet tiring music.
-
Ils préfèrent la musique française
ou
le jazz.
They prefer French
music or jazz.
-
Édouard est jeune donc curieux.
Edouard is young,
thus curious.
-
Édouard n'est ni intellectuel
ni
cultivé.
Edouard is neither
intellectual nor cultivated.
-
Pour Édouard, le saut à l'élastique
est fascinant
car dangereux.
For Edouard, bungee
jumping is fascinating because (it's) dangerous.
In addition, ou, et, ni,
car,
mais,
donc, and puis are also used to combine two clauses into
one:
-
Jean parle de poésie, de philosophie,
ou
il ne parle pas du tout.
Jean talks about
poetry, philosophy, or he does not talk at all.
-
Édouard fait du skate-board et
écoute de la musique.
Edouard does skate-boarding
and listens to music.
-
Jean n'aime pas écouter de la musique
rap ni faire du skate-board.
Jean does not like
to listen to rap music nor does he like to skate-board.
-
Jean ne veut certainement pas essayer le saut
à l'élastique
car c'est très dangereux.
Jean certainly does
not want to try bungee jumping for it is very dangerous.
-
Jean aime bien son frère Édouard
mais
ils n'ont rien en commun.
Jean really likes
his brother Edouard but they have nothing in common.
Ou, or, puis, donc,
mais
indicate a link between two separate sentences. Or,
mais
and
puis are usually placed at the very beginning of the second
sentence.
Donc is usually placed either at the beginning or right
after the conjugated verb of the second sentence.
-
En France, Édouard ignorait l'existence
de son frère. Puis, un jour, il a rencontré Jean.
In France, Edouard
did not know of the existence of his brother. Then, one day, he met Jean.
-
Édouard et Jean n'ont rien en commun.
Ils ont donc quelques problèmes de communication.
Or
cela inquiète Édouard.
Mais que faire?
Edouard and Jean
have nothing in common. So they have a few communication problems. Consequently,
this worries Edouard. But what can be done?
Subordinating
Conjunctions
A subordinating conjunction links an independent
clause to a dependent clause. An independent clause is any clause that
can stand alone to form a grammatical sentence. A dependent clause, on
the other hand, cannot stand alone and thus 'depends' on the main clause
in order to form a complete thought. The most commonly used subordinate
conjunctions are:
que |
that |
pendant que |
as,
while |
quand |
when |
lorsque |
when |
depuis que |
since
(indicating time) |
tandis que |
while,
whereas |
puisque |
since |
parce que |
because |
-
Il est évident qu' Édouard fume
trop.
It is obvious that
Edouard smokes too much.
-
Il est évident que Jean est
un curieux personnage.
It is evident that
Jean is a curious character.
-
Jean et Édouard sont tous les deux
des artistes, mais tandis qu' Édouard est poète, Jean
est musicien.
Jean and Edouard
are both artists, but while Edouard is a poet, Jean is a musician.
-
Depuis qu' Édouard connaît
Jean, il a découvert le monde du rap.
Since Edouard has
known Jean, he has discovered the world of rap.
-
Jean se lève quand le soleil
se couche. Il travaille pendant qu' Édouard dort.
Jean gets up when
the sun goes down. He works while Edouard is alseep.
-
Puisque Édouard et Jean sont
frères et artistes, ils devraient se comprendre. Mais ce n'est pas
le cas.
Since Edouard and
Jean are brothers and artists, they should understand each other. But this
is not case.
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